Based on her response to HB-adMSC therapy, the subject was approved to receive a set of nine infusion treatments to specifically treat her SLE symptoms. The subject received multiple infusions of autologous Hope Biosciences adipose-derived MSCs (HB-adMSCs) which significantly improved her SLE symptoms and functionality that led the patient's physician to discontinue her Rituximab regime. Given the level of immunosuppression associated with conventional SLE treatments, the subject was initially enrolled as a participant in a study protocol designed to provide immune protection against COVID-19. Here, we report a case of a 65-year-old female battling with SLE for almost 30 years and on a treatment regimen consisting of several medications. Despite there being no cure for SLE, Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) therapy offers hope for SLE patients because of its potent role in immunomodulation. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that involves abnormal activation of immune response, affecting multiple organs, including joints, kidneys, lungs, skin, and the hematopoietic system, thereby impairing their normal function. However, their safety and protective effects in patients with SLE still need to be confirmed by further experimental and clinical evidence. We propose various MSC modification methods that may be beneficial in enhancing the immunosuppression of MSCs in SLE. This review summarizes the status of MSC therapy in refractory SLE treatment and potential reasons for the ineffectiveness of MSC therapy from three perspectives. Therefore, the therapeutic effects of MSCs should be further confirmed. However, MSC therapy is also reported ineffective in some patients with SLE, which may be related to MSC- or patient-derived factors. This therapy can improve the signs and symptoms of refractory SLE by promoting the proliferation of Th2 and Treg cells and inhibiting the activity of Th1, Th17, and B cells, etc. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for autoimmune diseases, particularly SLE, has gained increasing attention. Therefore, effective and low side-effect therapies for SLE are lacking. Although previous studies have demonstrated that SLE is related to the imbalance of cells in the immune system, including B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells, etc., the mechanisms underlying SLE pathogenesis remain unclear. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease.
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